Sources

Full Bibliography

  1. Baillie, James S., Active. Hunting Indians in Florida with blood hounds. Florida United States, 1848. N.Y.: Published by James Baillie. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2008661482/.
  2. BBC Mundo. "El Nacimiento de los Negros: el pueblo fundado por esclavos de EE.UU. que huyeron a México para encontrar su libertad." La República. June 19, 2024. https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/el-nacimiento-de-los-negros-el-pueblo-fundado-por-esclavos-de-eeuu-que-huyeron-a-mexico-para-encontrar-su-libertad.
  3. Carrera, Patricia Carrillo. “Gertrudis Blues.” Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografía., 2003. 10 min. 20 sec. 4 min., 20 sec., https://youtu.be/yaOk83TuSpc?si=j1BHSZO7_sF6_KFa.
  4. Clouser, Todd. Maher, Molly. “‘Capeyuye’ Odo a la Libertad Mascogo Community Documentar.” YouTube. Music Mission: June 2, 2023. 17 min. 45 sec. 10 min. 56 sec. https://youtu.be/7DHVjOFTL_s?si=6zGkWIGl6KKx_mfi.
  5. Enlace 13 Televisión. "Black Mascogos preserve Afro legacy in Coahuila." YouTube. Enlace 13 Television: January 24, 2026. https://youtu.be/ggyUnjKOHmk?si=wOGlVokTg3joz9mI.
  6. Gil, R. (2014). The Mascogo/Black Seminole Diaspora: The Intertwining Borders of Citizenship, Race, and Ethnicity. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 9(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2013.843826.
  7. Longoria, Eva, and Gomez, Maite, Hosts. "From Enslavement to Freedom: Black Seminoles and the Mascogos." iHeart, 2021. Podcast, 35 minutes, 11 seconds. https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1119-hungry-for-history-with-e-102809913/episode/from-enslavement-to-freedom-black-seminoles-262720272/. 
  8. Madrid, Alejandro L. “Transnational Identity, the Singing of Spirituals, and the Performance of Blackness among Mascogos” Transnational Encounters: Music and Performance at the U.S.-Mexico Border, edited by Alejandro L. Madrid. Oxford University Press, 2011.
  9. Rivera, Karla. Murales en “El Nacimiento de los Negros Mascogos.” Ichan Tecolotl, 2022. https://ichan.ciesas.edu.mx/murales-en-el-nacimiento-de-los-negros-mascogos/.
  10. Seminole Indian family - Florida. 1900 (circa). State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory. <https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/141645>, accessed 14 May 2026.
  11. Sieff, Kevin. “Her ancestors fled to Mexico to escape slavery 170 years ago. She still sings in English to this day.” Washington Post, April 12, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/world/amp-stories/descendants-of-american-slaves-fled-to-mexico-mascogos/.
  12. Velázquez, Jose Luis. "Negros mascogos - muzquiz coahuila - nueva etnia mexicana." YouTube. Todoenviajes. 13 min 22 sec. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2nppJCh6h4&t=5s.